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es Water - The UK’s largest water and wastewater companyThames Water HomeAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usBack to top of pageSkip to contentThames Water HomeAccount and billingRegisterLoginPay your billSubmit a meter readingTell us you are moving Understand your billGet financial supportView all account and billingHelp and adviceSee all helpWater useWater and waste helpHelp with a bereavementAccount and billingReport a problemGet extra helpWater savingRiver healthWater qualityHome improvementsWater metersAbout usWho we areResponsibilityInvesting in our regionRegulationPerformanceNewsroomGovernanceInvestorsCareersOur suppliersAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usTop of main contentService updates (2)RG14: No water or low pressureWelcome to Thames WaterWe take care of water for 16 million people, enabling our customers, communities, and environment to thrive.Pay your billManage your online accountTell us you're movingView and report a problem;Protect your plumbing and drainsGet British Gas Plumbing and Drains cover for just £4.50 a month for the first year*.- Unlimited repairs and call-outs
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- No hidden costs with all parts and labour includedGet covered today*Homeowners and new customers only. £60 excess per completed repair. Terms and exclusions apply, see website for full details.Things we loveCaring for waterWe're passionate about protecting our most precious resource.Learn about our leakage commitmentOur peopleCould you be our next Data Analyst, Mechanical Engineer or Marketing Manager?Find your perfect jobSharing our storiesFrom fatbergs to fountains, read the latest news and updates from our business.Read our top storiesTogether we can end domestic abuseOur businessThames Water Utilities Limited Registered in England and WalesRegistered Office: Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading RG1 8DB.Our policiesGender pay gap reportModern slavery statementWebsite accessibilityOur chargesGet in touchContact usExtra help contacting usCareersLegalCookiesPrivacyTerms and conditionsCompany number: 02366661 | VAT registration no GB 537-4569-15 | © 2001 - 2024 Thames Water Utilities Limited. All rights reserv
About us | Who we are | Serving 16 million customers |
t us | Who we are | Serving 16 million customers |Thames Water HomeAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usBack to top of pageSkip to contentThames Water HomeAccount and billingRegisterLoginPay your billSubmit a meter readingTell us you are moving Understand your billGet financial supportView all account and billingHelp and adviceSee all helpWater useWater and waste helpHelp with a bereavementAccount and billingReport a problemGet extra helpWater savingRiver healthWater qualityHome improvementsWater metersAbout usWho we areResponsibilityInvesting in our regionRegulationPerformanceNewsroomGovernanceInvestorsCareersOur suppliersAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usTop of main contentHomeAbout usAbout usHelloWe deliver life's essential service, from that first cup of tea in the morning through to baths at bedtime. As well as supplying water to your taps, we take wastewater away. We collect and treat sewage, returning clean water to our rivers. Find out more about how we take care of your water. Who we areNewsroomFrom fatbergs to fountains, we'll bring you the latest news and updates from across our business.Read our top storiesCareersCome and join our family! We're always looking for bright sparks to be part of the team. Think you've got what it takes? Find your perfect jobLearn everything about us, by choosing a topic belowResponsibilityPerformanceInvesting in our regionGovernanceRegulationLegalInvestorsInformation for our investorsOur suppliersWorking with usProcurementTogether we can end domestic abuseOur businessThames Water Utilities Limited Registered in England and WalesRegistered Office: Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading RG1 8DB.Our policiesGender pay gap reportModern slavery statementWebsite accessibilityOur chargesGet in touchContact usExtra help contacting usCareersLegalCookiesPrivacyTerms and conditionsCompany number: 02366661 | VAT registration no GB 537-4569-15 | © 2001 - 2024 Thames Water Utilities Limited. All rights reserv泰晤士河的逆袭：从城市臭水沟到世界治污标杆_腾讯新闻
泰晤士河的逆袭：从城市臭水沟到世界治污标杆_腾讯新闻
泰晤士河的逆袭：从城市臭水沟到世界治污标杆
海归学者发起的公益学术平台
分享信息，整合资源
交流学术，偶尔风月
自工业革命以来，泰晤士河因为污染而一度成为一条臭气熏天的“死河”。但在治理多年之后，大自然展现出了巨大的恢复能力。这条曾经被宣告“生物性死亡”的河流，竟然清澈复苏，重新焕发出勃勃生机。泰晤士河的治理是城市化、工业化背景下河流污染治理的经典案例，提供了宝贵的经验与教训。
泰晤士河
图源：Pierre Blaché
泰晤士河“1858大恶臭事件”
泰晤士河是英国第二大河，发源于英格兰西南部，全长346公里，沿途横贯多座城市后，于首都伦敦入海。英国人对其感情深厚，将其喻作老父亲（Old father Thames）。如今的泰晤士河风景秀丽，加之沿岸多名胜古迹，吸引游客无数。然而在十九世纪中叶，泰晤士河却是“臭名昭著”。
时间倒转到1858年6月，彼时伦敦遭遇了罕见的高温天气。自工业革命以来饱受污染的泰晤士河，在烈日炙烤下臭气弥漫，刺鼻的气味随着热浪笼罩住了整个伦敦。300万人产生的垃圾在泰晤士河面上漂浮、发酵。伦敦人苦不堪言，将其称为“大恶臭(the Great Stink)”。上至王公贵族，下至平民百姓，无人得以逃脱大恶臭的魔爪。居民抱怨，关上窗户热到头昏脑涨，打开窗户臭到两眼发黑。在泰晤士河畔开会的下院议员们，因为臭气没有办法继续开会，以手绢捂住口鼻逃离了大厦。
当年6月20日，维多利亚女王陪同来访的比利时国王泛舟泰晤士河，打算欣赏沿岸风景。然而泰晤士河的冲天臭气袭击了他们的游船，尴尬的女王以鲜花掩面企图隔绝臭气，一面赶紧令人撤掉了游河计划。当时著名的讽刺杂志Punch周刊，刊载了一首打油诗讽刺这一外交事故：
怎样形容所感所受？
惊骇犹胜愤怒，血液为之不流。
“泰晤士香水”质量堪忧，
女王游历狗岛，应对办法不愁。
非是强颜欢笑，鲜花捂住鼻头。
Punch刊载的打油诗
直到7月下旬，伦敦出现降雨，气温下降，泰晤士河的恶臭才逐渐消散。但作为泰晤士河史上的标志性事件，“大恶臭”已经变成了专有名词“流芳百世”。大恶臭可以说是泰晤士河遭受严重污染的典型表现。直到十九世纪初，泰晤士河尚还渔业繁荣，除了盛产鲑鱼，欧鲽、雅罗鱼和比目鱼等鱼类也有较多捕捞。但此后鱼类资源便急速枯竭。到了十九世纪四、五十年代，鲑鱼彻底从泰晤士河消失。
泰晤士河已经污浊至此，却仍然是当时伦敦居民的主要用水来源。有记载表明，贫民们虽然明知“泰晤士河中有大量的烂泥和垃圾”，但仍不得不从河中取水饮用；在“大恶臭”期间，伦敦东区的穷人拿着器皿到处找水。由于水体长期污染，伦敦霍乱频发。1831 到 1832 年、1848 到 1849 年、1853 到 1854 年和 1865 到 1866 年，伦敦连续爆发的四次霍乱夺走了4万多人的生命。
讽刺漫画，老者邀请男孩去泰晤士河洗澡被拒绝
十九世纪，英国正踏上工业革命的春风，成为领导世界的日不落帝国。城市化与工业化的快速扩张，带来了巨大的污染。而这正是泰晤士河变成露天下水道的罪魁祸首。1866年， 英国皇家河流污染调查委员会的第一份报告指出：“泰晤士河从克里科雷德到伦敦排水系统端点这一段河道，因沿途城镇、村庄排放的污水不断注入其间，使得河水总是污浊不堪。有不少的造纸厂、制革厂等工厂企业的废水也流入了泰晤士河。”可见，导致泰晤士河污染的主要因素在于居民的生活污水以及工厂产生的工业废水。
1805 年，伦敦的人口增长到了100 万，1850年又进一步猛增至250万。到 1857 年时，仅粪便一项，伦敦每天就要向泰晤士河排放约250 吨，而直接将各类生活污水排向泰晤士河的下水道，就有近150条之多。另一方面，制造业蒸蒸日上的伦敦，化工厂、涂料厂、石板作坊、冶炼厂、地毯厂、酿酒厂、橡胶厂、肥料厂、油漆厂、造纸厂、制碱厂、焦油厂、水泥厂、肥皂厂等工厂在两岸大量建立。其污水也大多直接排往泰晤士河。泰晤士河是感潮河，每逢涨潮，污水与垃圾便倒灌进伦敦，令泰晤士河终日臭气熏天。
百年治理：从改排到治污
大恶臭令治理泰晤士河提上了议程。1858年8月2日，议会扩大了大都市工程委员会(Metropolitan Board ofWorks)的权力，授权它“以合适的进度，尽快实施并完成改善伦敦主下水道的工程，让污水与垃圾不再于伦敦城区内注入泰晤士河”。工程师约瑟夫·巴泽尔杰特受命主持此次下水道改建工作。
他依照伦敦东高西低的地形，顺势设计了三条主干道，再将各支线与主干道进行衔接。从而令污水被引导至泰晤士河出海口排出，不再直接排进泰晤士河。此外，为避免污物在入海口淤积甚至倒灌，出海口加设了水泵站，污水会先被送往地面储水槽，每日海水退潮时才会打开水闸，令污水顺潮势被海水冲向远处。
该工程规模浩大，设计复杂，施工难度较大，历经十六年方才竣工，英国人自豪地称其为“工业革命的建筑奇迹”。该下水管道系统有效缓解了泰晤士河的恶臭现象，并且至今仍然在发挥主要排污作用。然而严格说来，伦敦下水道的修建并没有真正解决污染问题，只不过是将排污口转移到了出海口，避免了对泰晤士河的直接污染。
二十世纪50年代，泰晤士河遭遇了第二次水质恶化。二战之后，由于合成洗涤剂的广泛使用，形成了附着在水体表面且难以降解的污染物。1950年，伦敦贝肯顿和克罗斯内斯两大污水库的BOD (生化需氧量) 高达 240 mg／L 和 180 mg／L。而在距离伦敦桥下游40公里的河段内，河水中的DO (溶解氧) 却几乎为零。大多数鱼类都要求水环境中的溶解氧不低于4-5mg／L。而泰晤士河的缺氧状况，令几乎所有鱼类都无法生存。1957年的调查宣告了泰晤士河的“生物性死亡”。不止如此，在1951年英国国庆节期间，大量船只停泊在泰晤士河码头，船体铅镀层竟然被污水腐蚀发黑，再次在国际上造成了恶劣影响，迫使英国政府下决心进行第二次泰晤士河治理。
从二十世纪60年代起，英国开始对全国的河流进行统一管理。一个新的机构——泰晤士河水务管理局(Thames Water Authority, TWA) ——建立了。它对泰晤士河流域进行统一规划和管理。而大伦敦地区的各类下水道和污水处理设施也被重新规划布局，使之更加合理。此外，泰晤士河管理局配备有专门的研究部门，水务局的雇员中有20％的人员从事研究工作，可以研究和随时处置种种紧急问题。第二次泰晤士河治理，科学处理各种水污染元素，才真正拉开帷幕。
治理过程中，180多个污水处理厂被整合为十几个较大的污水处理厂，同时原有设施也进行了升级改造，提高污水处理技术。其中贝肯顿污水处理厂于1935年建成，是当时欧洲最大的污水处理厂，污水处理量相当于泰晤士河最大的支流梅德韦河的流量。对其进行改造后，其日污水处理量更是达到了114万立方米，日容纳 273万立方米的流量，工程耗资2100万英镑。
此外，为了提高河水的溶解氧浓度，泰晤士河水务管理局在1968年购置了两台混合空气动力增氧机，每天向河水里注入10 吨的氧气。80年代初，水务局开发了一种基于河驳船的氧气发生器，并在1988年迭代升级为自供电的曝气复氧船“Thames Bubbler”。它们令泰晤士河的溶解氧恢复至足以支持鱼类种群生存的水平。
经过大量的治理投入，从1955年到1980年，泰晤士河的污染物负荷降低了90%，河水溶解氧的最低水平提高了10%。取得了举世瞩目的污染治理成就。1967年，比目鱼率先返回泰晤士河。紧接着，陆续有19种淡水鱼类和92种海洋鱼类出现在泰晤士河口和下游河段。而1980年左右鲑鱼的回归，被视为一个标志性事件。泰晤士河水务管理局向伦敦的一位钓鱼爱好者拉塞尔·多伊格颁发了奖项，因为他从泰晤士河钓起了绝迹已久的鲑鱼。如今，泰晤士河常出没的鱼类达125 种，甚至偶尔会看到海马等外来物种。
回归泰晤士河的海豹
图源：The OtherKev
泰晤士河从大恶臭的“死河”，重新焕发出勃勃生机，当然有赖于英国政府治理得当。但归根结底，依靠的还是大自然的恢复能力。而另一方面，某些深层次的污染至今仍有待消除。比如，重金属颗粒污染物可以附着在河床中的粘土颗粒上长达数十年。此外还有污水处理厂无法过滤掉的微塑料和一些尚不清楚对环境作用如何水溶性药物，都是需要一项一项修补的污染恶果。泰晤士河如今已经是世界上最清澈的城市河流之一，但正如清华大学历史学院教授、环境专家梅雪芹所指出的，泰晤士河的污染及治理历程，与其说是一个值得效仿的榜样，不如说是一个应当汲取的教训。
参考资料：
https://phys.org/news/2022-04-biologically-dead-chart-toppingly-thames-extraordinary.html
UK government looks at nationalising Thames Water as crisis deepens
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The company supplying water to millions of Londoners is in deep trouble
By Hanna Ziady, CNN
4 minute read
Updated
12:17 PM EDT, Wed June 28, 2023
Link Copied!
The Thames Water Long Reach water treatment facility east of London
Ben Stansall/AFP/Getty Images
London
CNN
—
Britain’s biggest water supplier said Wednesday it needed to raise more cash from investors, as UK media reported the government was preparing contingency plans to rescue the company.
Thames Water provides drinking water and waste water services to 15 million customers in London and the southeast of England. The utility, which counts one of Canada’s largest public pension funds among its top investors, has around £14 billion ($17.5 billion) of debt on its balance sheet.
News that it needs more money came just a day after CEO Sarah Bentley resigned with immediate effect after three years in the role. She was in the second year of an eight-year turnaround plan to address aging infrastructure, tackle leakage and reduce pollution in rivers, a legacy of underinvestment.
Thames Water received £500 million ($635 million) from shareholders in March, but said Wednesday it would need more.
The firm “is continuing to work constructively with its shareholders in relation to the equity funding expected to be required to support Thames Water’s turnaround and investment plans,” it added.
The company said it was keeping the water industry regulator Ofwat “fully informed” of its progress and added that it had a “strong liquidity position,” including £4.4 billion ($5.6 billion) of cash.
Ofwat said it was in “ongoing discussions” with Thames Water “on the need for a robust and credible plan to turn the business around.”
“We will continue to focus on protecting customers’ interests,” it added.
Emergency talks
Government ministers, including representatives from the UK Treasury and the environment department, Defra, are holding emergency talks with Ofwat over Thames Water’s future, according to UK media reports.
One possibility would be to place the company into a special administration regime that effectively takes the firm into temporary public ownership. Sky News was first to report the discussions.
A government spokesperson told CNN: “This is a matter for the company and its shareholders. We prepare for a range of scenarios across our regulated industries — including water — as any responsible government would.”
An aerial view of terraced homes on June 22, 2023 in Crewe, England.
Christopher Furlong/Getty Images
Britain is facing a mortgage crisis. There are no easy answers
The spokesperson added that the UK water sector “as a whole is financially resilient.”
Thames Water says about 24% of the water it supplies to customers is lost through leakage.
The company’s single biggest shareholder is the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System, which holds a stake of around 32%. The Universities Superannuation Scheme, a pension fund for the academic staff of UK universities, owns nearly 20%.
Other large investors include the Chinese and Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth funds, as well as British Columbia Investment Management Corporation, which invests on behalf of public sector workers.
Has privatization failed?
UK water companies have racked up debt of more than £60 billion ($76 billion) since being privatized three decades ago, according to Ofwat. The sector is now under pressure as interest rates rise and more income from customer bills is diverted toward servicing debt.
Water companies are also being investigated by the UK Environment Agency over the high levels of untreated sewage discharged into waterways. Last summer, several UK beaches were closed because of sewage spills, and Thames Water, along with other water companies, has been fined for failing to make enough progress in tackling the issue.
Brighton has seen multiple dumpings of raw sewage onto its famous seafront.
Alex Lentati/LNP/Shutterstock
Sewage-covered beaches risk turning England into the 'dirty man of Europe'
In its latest annual report, Thames Water reported nearly 8,000 sewage spills for the nine months to September 2022.
The government’s approach to regulating utilities, many of which were privatized in the 1980s and 1990s, has been thrown into relief by the company’s financial troubles, as well as by the temporary nationalization in 2021 of a major energy provider, Bulb. It was briefly run by administrators before being sold to Octopus Energy last year.
Darren Jones, a lawmaker from the opposition Labour Party who chairs parliament’s Business and Trade Committee, said energy and water companies had been allowed to serve the interests of shareholders and executives over the interests of the country and consumers.
“We’ve allowed these companies to be operated with … high levels of debt, with wealth being extracted from the companies, with investment not being high enough,” he told BBC radio Wednesday.
A 2020 report by the Public Services International Research Unit at the University of Greenwich in London found that 40% of the rise in English water bills since 1991, when most water firms were privatized, had been due to higher interest payments and increased dividends to shareholders.
Investments into UK water infrastructure required between 2025 and 2050 mean water bills will likely need to rise further, Conservative lawmaker and former Environment Secretary George Eustice told BBC radio.
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Contact us | How to contact Thames Water customer services
act us | How to contact Thames Water customer servicesThames Water HomeAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usBack to top of pageSkip to contentThames Water HomeAccount and billingRegisterLoginPay your billSubmit a meter readingTell us you are moving Understand your billGet financial supportView all account and billingHelp and adviceSee all helpWater useWater and waste helpHelp with a bereavementAccount and billingReport a problemGet extra helpWater savingRiver healthWater qualityHome improvementsWater metersAbout usWho we areResponsibilityInvesting in our regionRegulationPerformanceNewsroomGovernanceInvestorsCareersOur suppliersAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usTop of main contentService updates (2)RG14: No water or low pressureContact usHow can we help?Bill and accountPaymentsMoving homeWater metersReport a problemWater supplyDrains and sewersDeveloper servicesOtherAre you looking for conveyancing searches and reports on residential and commercial properties and land?Contact Property SearchesAre you a retailer, NAV, or a water service intermediary?Thames Water Wholesale informationTogether we can end domestic abuseOur businessThames Water Utilities Limited Registered in England and WalesRegistered Office: Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading RG1 8DB.Our policiesGender pay gap reportModern slavery statementWebsite accessibilityOur chargesGet in touchContact usExtra help contacting usCareersLegalCookiesPrivacyTerms and conditionsCompany number: 02366661 | VAT registration no GB 537-4569-15 | © 2001 - 2024 Thames Water Utilities Limited. All rights reservThames Water Technology Limited
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反渗透阻垢/分散剂1.Thames TWT-1200酸性膜清洗保护剂
2. Thames TWT-1201高效碱性膜清洗保护剂
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水是人类社会赖以生存和发展的不可替代的资源。水处理化学品是实施水处理技术与过程中的重要手段和材料，对于改善水质，防止结垢、腐蚀，防止菌藻滋生和环境污染，保证工业生产的高效、安全和长期稳定运行具有重要意义。
Thames（Thames Water Technology Limited）正是这样一家聚焦人类可持续发展的水资源有效利用与开发的全球性高分子聚合物产品和特殊化学品供应商，在水处理化学品、化工新材料等领域享有盛誉
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unt and billing | Help | Thames WaterThames Water HomeAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usBack to top of pageSkip to contentThames Water HomeAccount and billingRegisterLoginPay your billSubmit a meter readingTell us you are moving Understand your billGet financial supportView all account and billingHelp and adviceSee all helpWater useWater and waste helpHelp with a bereavementAccount and billingReport a problemGet extra helpWater savingRiver healthWater qualityHome improvementsWater metersAbout usWho we areResponsibilityInvesting in our regionRegulationPerformanceNewsroomGovernanceInvestorsCareersOur suppliersAbout usDeveloper servicesWholesaleRegisterLoginContact usTop of main contentHomeHelp and adviceAccount and billingAccount and billingAn online account is a great way to complete a wide variety of tasks online without needing to call us. With an online account you can:Manage payments
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We've broken down into categories the most popular topics for account and billing to help you manage your account and pay your bill.Understand your billWe go through charges for unmetered, metered and wastewater customers.
View how you are chargedHow to pay your billYou can pay your bill in full or in instalments, through a range of payment methods, including Direct Debit.
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Notify us of a bereavementWhatsApp usMessage us on WhatsApp, so you can get on with your day and respond at your pace. Available Monday-Friday 8am-8pm, Saturday 8am-6pm, and Sunday 8am-5pm.Message usTogether we can end domestic abuseOur businessThames Water Utilities Limited Registered in England and WalesRegistered Office: Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading RG1 8DB.Our policiesGender pay gap reportModern slavery statementWebsite accessibilityOur chargesGet in touchContact usExtra help contacting usCareersLegalCookiesPrivacyTerms and conditionsCompany number: 02366661 | VAT registration no GB 537-4569-15 | © 2001 - 2024 Thames Water Utilities Limited. All rights reserv
Thames Water lobbies for higher bills, dividend payouts and lower fines
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